Initiative of Pew Charitable Trusts: “Subsidyscope’s analysis of government spending data finds that the federal role in the energy sector is significant, although smaller than its role relative to some other sectors, such as transportation. Total federal spending on tax expenditures and grant programs likely to contain a subsidy in the energy sector was about $25 billion in fiscal year 2009. In addition to direct spending and tax expenditures, Subsidyscope examines support provided through risk transfers and regulatory subsidies. The energy sector received about $16.7 billion in direct loans and $14.5 billion in loan guarantees in fiscal year 2009. Government estimates for regulatory subsidies are not typically available; however, Subsidyscope provides an overview of some regulatory subsidies.”