CRS – Introduction to the Legislative Process in the U.S. Congress, Valerie Heitshusen, Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process. April 7, 2017. [via FAS]
This report introduces the main steps through which a bill (or other item of business) may travel in the legislative process—from introduction to committee and floor consideration to possible presidential consideration. However, the process by which a bill can become law is rarely predictable and can vary significantly from bill to bill. In fact, for many bills, the process will not follow the sequence of congressional stages that are often understood to makeup the legislative process. (See CRS Report IG10005 From Bill to Law: Stages of the Legislative Process, by Valerie Heitshusen and Jennifer E. Manning for a one – page visual presentation of the relationship among the procedural stages.) This report presents a look at each of the common stages through which a bill may move, but complications and variations abound in practice.Throughout, the report provides references to a variety of other CRS reports that focus on specific elements of congressional procedure. CRS also has many other reports not cited herein that address some procedural issues in additional detail (including congressional budget and appropriations processes). These reports are organized by sub issue at http://www.crs.gov/iap/congressional-process-administration-and-elections. Congressional action on bills is typically planned and coordinated by party leaders in each chamber, though as described in this report, majority party leaders in the House have more tools with which to set the floor agenda than do majority party leaders in the Senate. In both chambers, much of the policy expertise resides in the standing committees, panels of Members who typically take the lead in developing and assessing proposed legislation within specified policy jurisdictions.”