“The Insufficient Returns from Formal Authority in Organizations: Formal authoritythe power to influence or command thought, opinion, or behavioris the defining characteristic of societal and organizational hierarchy.1 Ideally, after Ronald Heifetz, it is expected to serve five functions that most will agree are indispensable to social life. They are to (i) provide direction, (ii) offer protection, (iii) orientate roles, (iv) control conflict, and (v) maintain norms. Then again, in practice, there is a darker side to what formal authority can do on any given day: for instance, a boss can restrict a subordinates actions, invalidate his or her decisions, or move for dismissal.”
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