Foundation for the Defense of Democracies (FDD): “In September 2024, FDD published a report documenting Russian, Chinese, and Iranian influence operations targeting the 2024 U.S. elections. This follow-up report details the ongoing efforts of U.S. adversaries who seek to undermine voters’ confidence in the electoral process in the weeks leading up to the November election. To raise public awareness and aid efforts by the U.S. government and research community to track these campaigns, this report documents new content from several significant, previously exposed influence operations. It also shows that many of these operations appear to have failed to gain significant traction.The new content described in this report follows a well-established pattern: Russia continues to criticize Vice President Kamala Harris heavily and promote former President Donald Trump. Iran criticizes both candidates but generally favors Harris while criticizing Trump. China criticizes both candidates, often using antisemitic tropes to allege that Israel controls both candidates. Both government-affiliated and independent researchers have documented much of the infrastructure of Russian, Iranian, and Chinese campaigns, including domains and social media accounts. To date, these researchers have largely exposed foreign malign influence operations before their narratives and posts went viral. Nevertheless, the U.S. government and social media platforms should act more quickly to dismantle the known infrastructure associated with influence operations, including domains and social media accounts. Americans must avoid either overestimating or underestimating the severity of the threat of foreign influence to U.S. elections. Accordingly, FDD continues to publicize ongoing influence operations while carefully documenting their limited reach. To facilitate balanced appraisals, the U.S. government should similarly provide metrics or estimations of reach and impact whenever it shares information with the public about malign influence operations. Americans must remain vigilant without becoming fearful…”