“Most of the time, financial markets are pretty calm, trading is orderly, and participants can buy and sell in large quantities. Whenever a crisis hits, however, the biggest playersbanks, investment banks, hedge fundsrush to reduce their exposure, buyers disappear, and liquidity dries up. Where previously there were diverse views, now there is unanimity: everybodys moving in lockstep…The financial markets can become highly unstable…This is essentially what happened in the lead-up to the Great Crunch. The trigger was, of course, the market for subprime-mortgage bondsbonds backed by the monthly payments from pools of loans that had been made to poor and middle-income home buyers. In August, 2007, with house prices falling and mortgage delinquencies rising, the market for subprime securities froze. By itself, this shouldnt have caused too many problems: the entire stock of outstanding subprime mortgages was about a trillion dollars, a figure dwarfed by nearly twelve trillion dollars in total outstanding mortgages, not to mention the eighteen-trillion-dollar value of the stock market. But then banks, which couldnt estimate how much exposure other firms had to losses, started to pull back credit lines and hoard their capitaland they did so en masse..”
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